Đề tài Responsible tourism good practices for protected areas in Vietnam

Nội dung text: Đề tài Responsible tourism good practices for protected areas in Vietnam

1. Guidelines for the risk management process 1. IDENTIFY THE RISKS Is the process working effectively to identify and manage risks? - Develop a list of risks Identify all risks associated with an associated with an area or activity; Develop checklists to use when inspecting the area; area or activity Inspect the area and talk to visitors; Record all risks identified 2. ASSESS THE RISKS Have the control measures eliminated or reduced the risks to an acceptable level? Have Assess the level of each risk the control measures introduced any new risks? - Gather information about each risk identified; Think about the likelihood of an event (e.g. frequency of exposure to risk and probability that an accident will occur); Assess probable consequences (number of people at risk and likely severity of an injury); Use exposure, probability and consequence to calculate level or risk 3. MANAGE THE RISKS Determine control measures - Eliminate risk; Transfer risk; Reduce risk probability; Decide on and use the appropriate Reduce risk impact; Accept risk control measures 4. MONITOR & REVIEW Assess effectiveness of control measures - Review proposed measures; Apply control Monitor residual risks and review measures; Monitor effectiveness through regular assessments and documentation Source: Eagles, P., McCool, S. & Haynes, C. 2002, Sustainable Tourism in Protected Areas: Guidelines for Planning and Management, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland & Cambridge, UK
2. What is the issue? • Around the world government funding of PAs is becoming increasingly limited • With out adequate funding for PAs: O The ability of authorities to maintain the PA’s natural values is compromised O Alternative land uses and even destructive practices may become more prevalent O Livelihood options for communities will become even more limited • To achieve economic sustainability public funding needs to be supported by a diverse mix of supplementary revenue raising strategies Picture source:
3. Typical economic model of tourism in PAs Government funding Return of income over budget National government – Departure & Entrance Tourists Protected areas Local government hotel taxes fees Payments for goods & Infrastructure services & management costs Business & Licences & sales tax Businesses user fees Employment & wages Employment & income tax Employment & wages Local communities Source: Font, X., Cochrane, J., and Tapper, R. 2004, Tourism for Protected Area Financing: Understanding tourism revenues for effective management plans , Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds, UK
4. Principles of good practice in responsible financing of PAs 1. Review financing mechanisms to identify opportunities 2. Implement innovative fund raising RESPONSIBLE strategies FINANCING 3. Support the local economy
5. Four areas to look for financial opportunities FINANCIAL PLANNING Consistencies / inconsistencies BOARDS with government financial Role and responsibilities. Financial planning timeframes. Ensure up to autonomy. date. Specification / allocation of 1 funding requirements. 3 REVENUE GENERATION Range of user charges. Account for INVESTMENT inflation, current day costs, Range of existing incentives. changes in disposable income, Examine opportunities to implement increasing demand. Examine new or increase existing incentives. opportunities for non-tourism 2 charges. 4 Source: PARC Project 2006, Policy Brief: Building Viet Nam’s National Protected Areas System – policy and institutional innovations required for progress , Creating Protected Areas for Resource Conservation using Landscape Ecology (PARC) Project, Government of Viet Nam, (FPD) / UNOPS, UNDP, IUCN, Ha Noi, Vietnam
6. Entrance fees Fees charged to visitors to enter the PA CHALLENGES • Inefficient fee CHARACTERISTICS collection resulting in losses of entrance fee • Fees charged to visitors to enter the PA revenue • Most effective in high visitation PAs or where • Scarce human unique species or ecosystems can be found resources for fee • Rate should aim to cover capital and operating collection / costs, reflect quality of service and product offering, reducing and market demand / willingness to pay conservation • Visitors pay more if they know the money will be activities used to enhance the experience or conserve nature • Corruption / bribery • Tiered pricing can maximise revenue Source: Font, X., Cochrane, J., & Tapper, R. 2004, Tourism for Protected Area Financing: Understanding tourism revenues for effective management plans , Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds, UK
7. Permits, leases and licences Contracts between PAs and businesses allowing them to operate a commercial activity in exchange for a fee CHALLENGES • Unsuccessful CHARACTERISTICS businesses = less revenue • Business not • Private sector more critical due to limited respecting government funding contractual • Examples: tour guiding, trekking, diving, obligations accommodation, restaurants, boating • Business not • Requires good control controlling visitor • PA benefit: business has the knowledge, experience, behaviour equipment etc • Profit made by • Business benefit: access to attractive location, business = income limited competition lost by PA Source: Font, X., Cochrane, J., & Tapper, R. 2004, Tourism for Protected Area Financing: Understanding tourism revenues for effective management plans , Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds, UK
8. Taxes Charges on goods and services that generate funds for the government and can be used to support PA management CHALLENGES • Not popular with CHARACTERISTICS locals or visitors • Ensuring money • Allows for generating funds nationally and on a long- goes back into conservation term basis and to use the funds to suit needs • Costs of managing • Examples: Local tax on users of a protected area or the system use of equipment, bed levies on accommodation • Hard to manage “small” taxes (same administration as larger taxes) Source: Font, X., Cochrane, J., & Tapper, R. 2004, Tourism for Protected Area Financing: Understanding tourism revenues for effective management plans , Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds, UK
9. WCPA recommendations for reducing public resistance to fees Use fee revenues for quality Retain and use money for specific, improvements to trails, toilets, known, park purposes , rather than 1 maps, and other facilities 4 for general revenues Make small fee increases Use extra money for conservation rather than making them in of the area visited 2 large jumps 5 Provide abundant information to Use money for operational the public about the income costs rather than as a control earned and the actions funded 3 mechanism for visitor entry 6 through it Source: Eagles, P., McCool, S. & Haynes, C. 2002, Sustainable Tourism in Protected Areas: Guidelines for Planning and Management , IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK
10. The PA’s obligation to help local communities in and around PAs PAs often require Local communities PAs sometimes ask restrictions on in and around PAs local communities traditional are relatively poor to relocate livelihoods Local community Diminished local livelihoods PA authorities have community support disrupted and obligation to help for conservation restricted
11. Six simple opportunities to support the local economy in and around PAs Provide product Introduce local development investment assistance incentives Build capacity and Facilitate CBT provide occupational joint ventures skills training Implement responsible Establish a employment & supply community fund chain policies Picture source: Pixabay, www.pixabay.com
12. The role and importance of communication and interpretation in PAs • Communication mostly relates to the delivery of information about PA facilities, features, accessibility and codes of conduct • Interpretation relates to informing about the PA’s natural and cultural heritage (species, ecosystems, people) and issues around it to raise awareness and appreciation for conservation • Good communication and interpretation greatly increases visitor satisfaction
13. The objectives of communication and interpretation in PAs COMMUNICATION INTERPRETATION • To increase awareness about the • To increase understanding about the resources and attractions in the PA role and importance of special • To alter behaviour of visitors and species in the PA and issues in residents in the PA conservation • To orient visitors to the PA • To increase understanding about the • To explain about the community and role and importance of important PA authority’s goals and objectives ecosystems in the PA and issues in conservation • To increase understanding and respect for local culture and heritage sites in the PA and socio-cultural issues in sympathetic preservation and promotion
14. Principles of good practice in responsible communication and interpretation 1. Inform and educate visitors about the importance of 2. the PA Communicate messages accurately and authentically RESPONSIBLE 3. Raise COMMUNICATION awareness of & INTERPRETATION PA zones and facilities
15. The key steps in developing tourism codes of conduct Draft code of conduct Define • What will we responsibilities communicate? • Who will do what? Identify issues • What are we trying to protect or promote? Get support • Who will the code affect?
16. Interpretation through signs and exhibits • Interpretational signs and exhibits use stories and messages to inform visitors about places, objects or events Educational component • Properly planned and designed interpretive programs relay a theme / message to visitors • Common topics can include unique animal species, unique flora, important Emotional component ecosystems, built heritage, local culture, activities, events • Interpretation principles can also be applied to communicating codes of conduct Behavioural component • Interpretation should incorporate 3 components: education, emotion, behaviour
17. Three tips for detailed interpretive signs Deliver information Structure theme into using themes that are topics easily strong and identified by sub- 1 provocative. 3 headings. Create titles that are eye-catching and 2 interesting.
18. Principle 2: Communicate messages accurately and authentically • Poor marketing of PA values can result in loss of meaning and significance and erosion of the integrity of the natural (and cultural) heritage • Communicating messages accurately and authentically promotes greater understanding and respect Picture source:
19. Examples of inauthentic advertising from around the world
    Sharing a bottle of wine on the beach really?
    The Mediterranean Sea has never looked ÉAre we in Spain or the this good! Carribbean!? Picture sources:
20. 4 examples of cultural commodification in tourism Redeveloping places to make them more attractive for tourist consumption Creating staged and reshaped traditional performances for tourists Adaptive reuse of historical buildings without interpretation Sale and / or reproduction of artefacts of cultural or spiritual significance as souvenirs Picture sources:
21. Basic requirements for communicating how visitors should interact with the PA • Visitors should have access to a WHERE? protected map at a minimum R PA website R Print brochures / • The map should details the leaflets at entrance, trails, roads, facilities, Information attractions etc centres, local tourism service • Zones should be clearly providers identified and terms of use R Large fixed signs at key locations explained in PA
22. Example: Zoning map for Great Barrier Reef MPA (Townsville) Each colour represents a different zone
23. RESPONSIBLE TOURISM GOOD PRACTICES FOR PROTECTED AREAS IN VIETNAM TOPIC 7. PROTECTED AREA MONITORING AND EVALUATION FOR SUSTAINABILITY Picture source:
24. What is the issue? • Without data of PA tourism conditions and trends that monitoring provides, planners and managers: – Cannot assure stakeholders of the reliability of their decisions; – Cannot respond to public concerns and criticisms; and – Cannot properly fulfil their responsibilities or judge the effectiveness of their actions. • Moreover, if planners and managers do not undertake the monitoring, someone else will – and such monitoring Adapted from: Eagles, P., McCool, S. & Haynes, C. 2002, Sustainable Tourism in Protected may well be biased Areas: Guidelines for Planning and Management, IUCN Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK Picture source:
25. Monitor tourism impacts because prevention and early intervention is always better than cure! In tourism, After a negative “We really have too symptoms of impact has been many tourists here “I thought we were negative impacts identified but with so many able to handle all the businesses now can be gradual tourists unit I saw opportunities depending on them some kids acting like to manage reducing the volume foreigners and it become more would never be occurred to me just limited supported” how much our culture has “Gosh where changed!” did all these tourists come “When we started from? running tours to the I don’t remember nearby cave some and in many seeing so many a and problems tourists damaged cases returning few years ago!” the beautiful rock to the original can be difficult formations. Now to spot. we have lost them state can be forever” impossible
26. Principle 1: Ensure integration of sustainability criteria • In PA’s there is a tendency to focus most attention Managerial / on environmental impacts infrastructure and management related impacts Experiential impacts impacts Environmental impacts • To ensure comprehensive sustainability of the PA social and economic Social Economic impacts impacts impacts must also be considered
27. Turning sustainability impacts and issues into monitoring indicators • An “indication” of the state of a FOCUS OF INDICATORS FOR MONITORING SUSTAINABLE particular issue TOURISM • Issues concerning the • Formally selected and used on a natural resources and environment of a regular basis to measure changes destination Conventional tourism indicators • Concerns relating to • economic sustainability include arrival numbers, length of • Issues relating to cultural assets and social stay, and expenditure values • Sustainable tourism indicators focus • Broad organisation and management issues on the link between tourism and within the tourism sector and broader sustainability issues destination
28. Impact type vs. Indicator type Quantitative Raw data indicators Ratio Environmental impacts Percentage Social impacts Category indices Economic impacts Qualitative Normative indicators indicators Nominal indicators Opinion-based indicators IMPACT TYPE OF INDICATOR TYPE OF MEASURE
29. Example of tourism indicator development process for sustainability KEY SUSTAINABILITY COMPONENTS OF INDICATORS ISSUE ISSUE Waste Number hotels with a management recycling programme Environmental Number of threatened protection or extinct species as percentage of all known species Biodiversity protection Perceived value of forest resources to tourism
30. Example of environmental and economic sustainability indicators in tourism ENVIRONMENTAL Number of threatened or extinct species as percentage of all known species Perceived value of forest resources to tourism Number of days tourists spend on nature tourism activities out of total number of days Number of hotels with environmental policy Environmental awareness campaigns conducted Number hotels recycling 25% or more of their waste products Demand/supply ratio for water Number of hotels with 50% or more of total toilets as dual flush % of energy consumption from renewable resources ECONOMIC Average wage rates in tourism jobs rural/ urban Number of local people employed in tourism (men and women) Revenues generated by tourism as % of all revenues generated in the community % of visitors who overnight in local tourist accommodation % of hotels with a majority local staff % of GDP provided by tourism Change in number of visitor arrivals Average tourist length of stay New tourism businesses as a percentage of all new businesses
31. Good practice in setting effective tourism indicators Ensure you start with only a few key variables Ensure indicators identify conditions or outputs of Ensure indicators are tourism development easy to measure Ensure indicators are descriptive rather than evaluative
32. Examples of baselines, benchmarks and thresholds Establishing a baseline Using a benchmark • A survey was conducted in 2014 which • In 2015 a repeat survey was conducted established that 15% of households in a which recorded that 25% of households village had running water had running water • This forms the baseline for household • This shows a positive change of 10% access to running water in the destination against the Year 1 baseline Comparing to thresholds • In terms of access to running water, anything less than 100% requires action • If however, the study was of the amount of protected forest in a community, 40% might be an acceptable target depending on the year 1 benchmark
33. Limits of acceptable change process and guidelines 2/2 STEPS GUIDELINES COMMENT ON PURPOSE 5. Specify standards for • Identify the range of conditions for each indicator considered desirable or acceptable for each opportunity Provides the basis for establishing a distinctive and resource and social class diverse range of protected area settings, serving to conditions in each • Define conditions in measurable terms, to represent the maximum permissible conditions allowed (limits) define the “limits of acceptable change.” opportunity class • Ensure conditions are attainable and realistic 6. Identify This stage identifies alternative allocations of opportunities Provides alternative ways of managing the area alternative • Identify different types/location/timing of alternatives, using steps 1 and 4 to explore how well to best meet the needs, interests, and opportunity class the different opportunity classes meet the various interests and values concerns. allocations 7. Identify • Analyse broad costs and benefits of each alternative This step involves an analysis of the costs and management actions • Identify the kinds of management actions needed to achieve the desired conditions (direct or benefits of each alternative. for each alternative indirect) 8. Evaluation and • Review costs vs. benefits of alternatives with managers, stakeholders and public Builds consensus and selects the best selection of a • Examine the responsiveness of each alternative to the issues alternative. preferred alternative • Explicitly state the factors considered, and their weight in decision-making • Select a preferred alternative 9. Implement actions • Develop implementation plan with actions, costs, timetable, and responsibilities Ensures timely implementation and adjustment and monitor • Develop a monitoring programme, focusing on the indicators developed in step 3 of management strategies. Monitoring ensures conditions • Compare indicator conditions with standards to evaluate the success of actions that effectiveness of implementation is known. If conditions do not correspond with standards the intensity of the management effort might need If monitoring shows problems, actions can be to be increased or new actions implemented taken
34. Principle 3: Ensure results are clearly communicated PRINCIPLES IN • There is no point in doing a COMMUNICATING RESULTS monitoring programme if no one finds out about the results • Stakeholders and decision Consider the needs of the makers need to hear about the potential user results so they can take action • Results should presented to help Portray the stakeholders reinforce positive results as simply actions or remedy problem as possible situations
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