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Organic chemistry - Chapter 3: Introduction to reaction mechanisms - Nam Phan

A nucleophile: an electron-rich species that can
form a covalent bond by donating 2 electrons to a
positive center
• A nucleophile is any negative / neutral molecule
that has 1 unshared electron pair
• Substitution reaction: chemical reaction in which
1 atom / group replaces another atom / group in the
structure of a molecule
• In a nucleophilic substitution reaction, a
nucleophile attacks / bonds with the positive cent 
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  1. Chapter 3: INTRODUCTION TO REACTION MECHANISMS Reaction mechanism: the description of the step-by-step process by which reactants are changed / converted into products Nucleophilic substitution Nucleophilic addition Electrophilic substitution Electrophilic addition Elimination 2
  2. UNIMOLECULAR NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTION (SN 1) 6
  3. ELIMINATION REACTIONS In an elimination reaction: + Groups / atoms are eliminated from a reactant + A double bond is formed between the 2 carbons from which atoms are eliminated 8
  4. Weak base 12
  5. NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION REACTIONS (AN) The carbonyl group is polar because the oxygen, being more electronegative, has greater share of double-bond electrons The partial positive carbon can be attacked by nucleophiles The addition of nucleophiles to the carbon atom of the carbonyl group in nucleophilic addition reactions 16
  6. Examples: Nucleophiles 18
  7. Reaction mechanism Rate-determining step An electrophile 20